Applied conservation genomics informs population management of the frosted elfin butterfly

Many insect species are at great risk of rapid population declines. Population genomics (POPGEN) studies allow us to estimate the health of insect populations, including inbreeding, gene flow, and population size. Harnessing this data makes it possible to better predict and respond to the conservation and management needs of at-risk insects. The Frosted Elfin (FE), Callophrys irus, is a small, specialist, non-migratory butterfly facing historic habitat loss and fragmentation. Its overall range has declined considerably, is likely extirpated in several states, and is classified as critically imperiled or imperiled in 22 other states. In order to inform an upcoming federal species status assessment, our lab is working to conduct an analysis of the current taxonomic designation for the species and to perform a detailed population structure assessment of the remaining wild populations. To gain insight on the population genomic characteristics of C. irus, we sequenced 94 individuals from 9 states, and assembled genomes for the three subspecies of FE using next generation sequencing. The results of this study will be used to evaluate the historical and current genetic distribution and population genetic parameters, allowing us to better inform management priorities and recovery actions for the species. This project’s goal is to use the results generated in the POPGEN assessment and genome comparison to clarify taxonomy, to aid in developing a genetic-based management plan that will ensure the conservation of genetic diversity across populations, and to inform listing decisions for frosted elfin.