Insect control is based largely on spraying chemicals that are lethal to their target organisms. However, some of the targeted individuals may escape the intended high doses due to their environmental degradation, the growth of new foliage, and incorrect applications. Furthermore, many recently developed active ingredients are less toxic than earlier insecticides and take longer to kill the intoxicated individuals. In addition, chemicals directed against other pests, such as fungicides, may also affect non-target insects. Physiological effects of exposure to sublethal concentrations of toxins vary from fitness-boosting hormesis to reduced life expectancy and reproductive output. Behavioral effects range from potentially life-saving avoidance of treated areas to reduced mobility and increased vulnerability to natural enemies. Manipulation of sublethal stress to increase environmental hostility to insect pests is a promising, but currently underutilized, component of the integrated pest management. We discuss its possible applications using the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata, as an example. This species is a highly damaging insect defoliator of potato, Solanum tuberosum. Its ecological and evolutionary plasticity resulted in the repeated failures of traditional chemical control that relies on quick lethal effects of sprayed insecticides.
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