The regulation of insect-protected transgenic crops: How did we get here and is “here” where we want to be

The regulation of insect-protected traits (Bt crops or PIPs) in the US reflects the inputs of regulators and public and private sector scientists over a period of more than 40 years. At the heart of PIP regulation is science-based risk assessment but scientific uncertainties and the need to balance different stakeholder views has created challenges. I will discuss how stakeholders have worked together on key issues such as non-target risk assesment and insect resistance management, the successes that have come from these collaborations, and some of the challenges that remain.